Perceptions of ecumenical efforts in resolving church divisions: the case of Karongi district, Rwanda

Abstract

The ecumenical movement seeks to promote unity and cooperation among Christian denominations by fostering mutual understanding, dialogue, and collective action on both social and spiritual matters. Its overarching aim is to reduce divisions and encourage a visible, collaborative expression of the Christian faith. However, despite various national and regional efforts in Rwanda, persistent theological, doctrinal, and cultural differences continue to challenge collaboration among churches in Karongi District. Furthermore, historical mistrust, competition for congregants, and resistance to change have hindered the effective implementation of these initiatives. The study explored church members’ perceptions of the effectiveness of ecumenical efforts in resolving divisions within this context. It was guided by three objectives: to assess past ecumenical initiatives, identify the key challenges they face, and propose practical strategies for fostering greater unity. To achieve this, a mixed-methods research design was employed, combining structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 55 purposively selected participants, including church leaders, lay Christians from ten denominations, and members of the Rwanda Inter-religious Council (RIC). The findings highlighted a significant disconnect between rhetorical support for unity and its practical realization. Nonetheless, joint worship services, inclusive leadership, and shared community outreach emerged as key elements that help build trust, promote reconciliation, and encourage collaboration. Therefore, the study emphasized the need for grassroots involvement, sustained inter-denominational dialogue, and reconciliation-oriented strategies such as truth-telling and forgiveness. Grounded in Ubuntu Philosophy, Palaver Theory, Conflict Theory, and Reconciliation Theory, this research offered culturally grounded recommendations to promote lasting church unity and harmony within the Karongi District of Rwanda.